05 APR 11.doc
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
OPENING REMARKS:
The Planning Commission of the City of Jacksonville, Arkansas met
in Regular Session on April 11, 2005. Chairman Stroud led a
standing audience in the “Pledge of Allegiance” to the flag and
Commissioner Evans delivered the invocation.
ROLL CALL: Commissioners Bart Gray, Jr., Emma Knight, Glen
Keaton, Mike Traylor, John Herbold, and Tom Evans answered ROLL
CALL. Chairman Stroud also answered ROLL CALL and declared a
quorum. PRESENT seven (7), ABSENT (2).
Others present for the meeting were City Engineer Whisker, Mr.
Tommy Bond, Alderman Fletcher, and the press.
APPROVAL AND/OR CORRECTION OF MINUTES:
Commissioner Evans moved, seconded by Commissioner Keaton that
the minutes of the 14 March 2005 Regular Planning Commission
meeting be approved as presented. MOTION CARRIED.
PUBLIC HEARING(S): a. REZONING 1504, 1508, & 1512 Plummer Street
from R-2 to R-1
Chairman Stroud opened the public hearing at approximately 7:03
p.m.
Mr. Sam Bostic a resident of 1105 Madden Road, stated that he
would like to change the zoning from duplexes to single-family
residences.
With no one to speak in opposition, Chairman Stroud closed the
public hearing at approximately 7:05 p.m.
Commissioner Gray moved, seconded by Commissioner Traylor to
recommend to City Council the rezoning request at 1504, 1508, &
1512 Plummer Street from R-2 to R-1. MOTION CARRIED.
b. REZONING 2.0 acres on Valentine Road from R-0 to R-2
Chairman Stroud opened the public hearing at approximately 7:06
p.m.
Representative Tommy Bond related that the property is a 2-acre
tract across from a mobile home park on Valentine Road. He
stated that the owner is proposing to construct a duplex multi-
family development.
City Engineer Whisker related that he received one call in
opposition from a resident near Emily Lane. He noted single-
family homes to the south side of Valentine, a trailer park on
the opposite side, and some apartments at the corner of Mayfair.
1
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Knight, City
Engineer Whisker related that the property is adjacent to the
Clover Ridge Subdivision PH II, which is currently being
developed as single-family homes. He then reviewed existing
areas of single-family zoning and answered that the area is
depicted as residential on the Land Use Map.
Commissioner Gray questioned if the property would need to be
subdivided into lots for individual duplexes or would it be
considered as a multi-family area with several duplexes on one
tract.
Mr. Bond stated that he felt it would come back to the question
of whether there would be public streets inside the development
area. He stated that he did not think platting the property
would be necessary unless the City wanted public streets. He
stated that similar to an apartment complex the owner would be
responsible for maintenance inside the development.
Discussion ensued regarding the proper zoning code for this type
of development and the concept of an R-2 zoning versus an R-3.
Commissioner Gray stated that the proposal appears to be better
suited for an R-3 zoning rather than R-2.
Mr. Bond agreed that it would be better regarding development
intentions to have the property rezoned to R-3 instead of R-2,
which is usually associated with duplexes. He noted that if the
property is subdivided and streets are constructed it would cut
the density of the development.
Discussion ensued and it was determined that the Commission would
table the request and the petitioner would resubmit as an R-3
rezoning request.
Chairman Stroud closed the public hearing at approximately 7:18
p.m.
Commissioner Gray moved, seconded by Commissioner Herbold to
table the request pending re-advertisement as an R-3 rezoning
request for the aforementioned property. MOTION CARRIED.
c. REZONING 210 & 216 Bellevue Circle from R-3 to R-2
Chairman Stroud opened the public hearing at approximately 7:19
p.m.
2
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Mr. Chad Ellison related that the lots are currently zoned R-3
and he is requesting that the property be rezoned to R-2. He
explained that he would like to develop duplexes, which would be
consistent with the surrounding property.
With no one to speak in opposition, Chairman Stroud closed the
public hearing at approximately 7:21 p.m.
City Engineer Whisker related that the area consists almost
entirely of duplexes with the exception of one or two houses.
Commissioner Knight moved, seconded by Commissioner Traylor to
recommend to the City Council the rezoning request at 210 & 216
Bellevue Circle from R-3 to R-2. MOTION CARRIED.
d. REZONING 16 acres on Madden Road from R-1 to R-0
Chairman Stroud opened the public hearing at approximately 7:23
p.m.
Mr. Don Boyd of 1300 Madden Road, stated that the request is to
have the proposed 16 acres uniform with the remaining adjacent
property. He related that the entire property consists of
approximately 36 acres, and that 20 acres is already zoned R-0.
With no one to speak in opposition, Chairman Stroud closed the
public hearing at approximately 7:24 p.m.
Commissioner Keaton moved, seconded by Commissioner Herbold to
approve the rezoning of approximately 16 acres on Madden Road
from R-1 to R-0. MOTION CARRIED.
REQUEST TO APPROVE PLATS: a. PRELIMINARY PLAT Hidden Oaks
th
Tabled from the March 14 meeting.
Mr. Bond stated that he believes an agreement has been reached
with one exception. He explained that City Engineer Whisker has
requested an easement between lots 5 and 6 regarding fire
equipment access, adding that the developer does not agree to
that request. He stated that the developer’s contention is that
improvements to the drive more than adequately provide better
access to the existing homes located to the east of the proposed
subdivision. He noted that currently there is an existing 10’
driveway that has two 90° bends, which he does not believe a fire
truck could negotiate. He stated that the feeling is that the
improvements would offer better access than the area has ever
had, adding that it is also felt that the 10’ easement on lots 5
and 6 would make it difficult to situate houses.
3
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
City Engineer Whisker stated that it would not be impossible to
construct houses with the 10’ easements on each lot. He related
that he visited the site with Fire Marshall Pope and Fire Chief
Vanderhoof to discuss an acceptable alternative by taking the
existing access and turning it into a full 27’ road with curb and
gutter on both sides and a culdesac to the rear. He related that
it is felt that the previous suggestion would have been easier
for everyone concerned. He stated that the question that follows
is “why should the developer be responsible for making the
suggested improvements”, he answered, that the access easement
has always been on the developer’s property and the property is
being developed for profit. He stated that the developer should
either make the access more accessible with a 27’ street and
culdesac or some sort of access between lots 5 and 6 for Fire
Department equipment.
City Engineer Whisker noted that the other item of disagreement
was the alignment of the proposed street with the existing
street, acknowledging that the traffic would not be a significant
factor. He added that he believes the Water Department has
worked out their situation and has a pending agreement.
Mr. Bond related that the developer has an agreement with the
Water Department pending the foundation study of the property.
City Engineer Whisker stated that if the agreement with the Water
Department does not lead to fruition, it is his understanding
that the site area would be platted into two lots. He added that
the 20’ easement for the main line to the water tank site on the
backside of the property would no longer exist.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Gray, City
Engineer Whisker stated that he is not aware of any repercussion
regarding the fire rating.
Mr. Bond reiterated sentiments regarding improvements and Fire
Department access to the existing homes. He then answered that
he does not believe the current situation would have any impact
on the overall fire rating, explaining that the rating is
generally impacted by fire flows, fire equipment and firefighting
personnel.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Keaton, City
Engineer Whisker related that the road leads off the culdesac
behind lots 3, 4 and 5, adding that as the access comes off lot 5
it curves around a tree.
4
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Mr. Bond pointed out that unless a 47.5’ radius is placed on the
back of lot 5, a fire truck could not make the corner to go
between lots 5 and 6. He noted that the reason for a 47.5’
radius in culdesacs is to accommodate the turn around of fire and
garbage trucks. He related that a 47.5’ radius would consume
approximately half of lot 5. He then reiterated that currently a
fire truck would have to negotiate two 90° turns on a 10’ wide
driveway to gain access. He continued that under the proposed
configuration, a fire truck would not have to make any turns but
would have to back out or, if possible, negotiate the turn around
the tree. He added that the turn around the tree is not a 47.5’
radius and he does not believe the fire equipment could make that
turn around.
In response to a question posed by Chairman Stroud, Mr. Bond
stated that the existing driveway is shown in a 30’ easement,
adding that the homeowners would continue to maintain their
asphalt driveway regarding lots 3, 4 and 5. He noted that it is
private property with an access easement and pointed out that
while it is not a public street, the City maintains the driveway.
City Engineer Whisker stated that the City has helped maintain
the drive, pointing out that City garbage trucks routinely
experience access problems.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Knight, City
Engineer Whisker stated that the drive would remain an easement
but access would be gained through lots 5 and 6. He then pointed
out that generally more than one emergency vehicle is required to
respond and access for more than one vehicle would be necessary
without having to back one piece of equipment out before another
could gain access.
Discussion ensued regarding the need for a 47.5’ radius and City
Engineer Whisker related that he is requesting a 20’ easement,
10’ on lot 5 and 10’ on lot 6. He stated that the best scenario
would be a 20’ concrete drive with a 47.5’ turning radius.
Mr. Bond stated that the developer did not create the problem,
adding that the City, allowing houses to be built on a private
drive easement, created the problem many years ago. He continued
that it seems inappropriate to penalize the developer by
requiring him to fix what the City should have required in the
first place. He related that City Engineer Whisker stated that
the City would not accept the drive as a public street, adding
that the property owners would have to maintain it as they
5
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
maintain their existing drive. He went on to say that he does
not believe the City could make the property owners maintain an
easement that is on someone else’s property.
Commissioner Gray offered that the bill of assurance might be the
proper tool to stipulate maintenance for the back of lots 3, 4,
and 5.
Mr. Bond surmised that neither the developer nor the property
owners would want responsibility for maintaining the drive. He
reiterated his uncertainty that the property owners could be made
to take responsibility, unless the City is willing to carry the
maintenance. He pointed out that there is no leverage to make
the property owners responsible.
Commissioner Knight pointed out that regardless of past
transgressions on anyone’s part, someone has to take
responsibility and begin the right course of action. She added
that she does not believe it should fall on the taxpayer. She
stated that she would only be able to support the project if the
Water Department, Sewer Department, and Fire Chief are on board
with the project.
Chairman Stroud clarified that concerns are centered around lots
3, 4, and 5, and a drive between lots 5 and 6. He also noted the
possibility of a turning radius at the junction of the road going
between lots 5 and 6 coming behind lots 3, 4, and 5 for a
culdesac. He then noted discussion of making a 27’ wide street
to improve the 10’ drive.
Mr. Bond brought up another issue regarding Fire Department
equipment, saying there would have to be another 47.5’ radius at
the street coming between lots 5 and 6 to make a right turn,
adding there would almost be enough room to build a house in the
middle.
Commissioner Knight questioned the possibility of combining the
two lots with almost 60’ frontage to make one lot.
Mr. Bond agreed it could be done, but added that it would mean
loosing a lot.
In response to a question from Commissioner Keaton, City Engineer
Whisker noted that the turn-around at the tree is not part of the
subdivision property.
6
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Mr. Bond added that the easement actually ends at the lot line
between lots 5 and 6.
Discussion ensued regarding the theoretical possibility, with
consent from the property owners, of moving the street slightly
out and developing a 47.5’ radius turn-around.
Chairman Stroud mentioned concerns for the Planning Commission
approving a 20’ wide easement down lots 5 & 6 that will yield a
10’ wide road, when it is not usual standard to build 10’ roads.
In response to a comment from Commissioner Evans, City Engineer
Whisker responded that he had specifically discussed with the
Fire Marshall having access in from Hidden Oaks Drive, and the
other option of widening the existing drive into a 27’ back to
curb with a 47.5’ radius culdesac for a fire truck turn-around at
the end.
Mr. Bond explained that if the big circular were deleted, it
would be possible to build a 27’ street down to the culdesac that
is being referred to, if the property owners would agree to
giving right-of-way and constructing the turn-around because the
turn-around would not be on the developer’s property. He offered
that a street be constructed between lots 5 & 6 with a culdesac
on the end.
City Engineer Whisker noted that access would not reach the other
two houses that are located at the culdesac being deleted.
Mr. Bond stated that the only other option might be to come in
with a 27’ street with a culdesac at the end.
City Engineer Whisker noted that it would take right-of-way from
both parties to accomplish that development option.
Mr. Bond added that the property owners would be responsible for
a share of the construction cost regarding the turn-around.
City Engineer Whisker stated that to his understanding the City
has not paid for improvements for developers to create a profit.
Mr. Bond stated that the developer would be asking the property
owner to donate a portion of the necessary right-of-way and to
share in the cost.
7
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Chairman Stroud questioned Mr. Bond, if it is his sentiment that
the City should assume liability if the property owners are not
able to come up with the funds.
Mr. Bond pointed out that there would only be two parties to
benefit, that being the property owners and the City.
Chairman Stroud clarified that the proposal to reach the existing
homes is for the developer to build a 27’ wide street with a 90°
turn down to the proposed culdesac; questioning if that would
alleviate the need for an easement road between lots 5 and 6.
City Engineer Whisker reiterated that the Fire Marshal has
requested access to the houses, either a 27’ street with a 47.5’
radius turn or a street between lots 2 and 3 instead of a
culdesac, or make a turn going behind lots 3, 4, and 5 with a
culdesac at the back of lot 5.
Chairman Stroud pointed out that part of the property would have
to be donated by the property owners for this concept.
Commissioner Knight noted that the property owners would need to
share costs with the developer to construct the improvements.
Chairman Stroud stated that he wanted to make it clear that the
City should not pay for private development. He stated that the
improvements would be the responsibility of the developer and the
homeowners.
Discussion ensued regarding the betterment of the whole
neighborhood because of the improvements.
Chairman Stroud raised the question of responsibility if the
existing homeowners could not pay any share of the improvements.
Mr. Bond stated that, in reality, the houses being proposed would
be considered the lower end of the housing market, adding that
the concept is to provide housing for lower income buyers. He
related that the higher the development costs grow, the more
expensive it would be for buyers. He stated that the other side
of that reality is that the area homeowners are not wealthy and
may not have the money to cover improvement costs. Additionally,
he stated that it is possible the existing homeowners are content
with the situation as it is and would not want a turn-around.
Commissioner Evans pointed out that fire safety would be a
concern for the Commission regarding improvements.
8
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Mr. Bond stated that it may require the City requesting the
homeowners to contribute enough land to accommodate part of the
land needs for the turn-around.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Traylor, Mr. Bond
agreed that the 30’ easement on lots 4 & 5 could be extended
further for a turn-around if the property owners gave over a
small portion of their property where the existing road is.
Commissioner Knight stated that even if the development is
targeted toward lower income, she would not agree to scrimp on
safety issues.
Mr. Bond agreed, saying that there was no intention to scrimp
regarding safety. He stated that his only point was there are
limitations as to the homeowner’s ability to assist in costs, and
what the developer can put into the project and still have viable
homes to sell.
Chairman Stroud noted the importance of safety factors and
Commissioner Traylor’s suggestion that most of the culdesac be
moved down to lot 5 and the easement slightly moved back as a
possibility.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Knight, Mr. Bond
related that it is possible to put the turn-around on lots 4 and
5, if the adjoining property owner would let them use at least as
far as the driveway goes on his property now, adding that it
would be agreeable for them to build the road and the turn-around
in that area.
In response to a question from Commissioner Keaton, Mr. Bond
related that it would be difficult to wait another month, if the
Commission postpones the project.
Commissioner Knight moved, seconded by Commissioner Herbold to
approve the preliminary plat of Hidden Oaks Subdivision with the
stipulation that per the requirements of the Fire Chief and Fire
Marshall, that the developer and Mr. Bond determine if they can
construct the turn-around on lots 4 & 5 with some property from
the homeowners if necessary.
Discussion ensued that if the culdesac could not fit on lots 4
and 5, the issues would have to be brought back to the Planning
Commission for further consideration and that any development of
roads would be to City standards.
9
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
At this time, MOTION CARRIED.
b. PRELIMINARY PLAT Crooked Creek PH II
Mr. Tommy Bond related that PH II consists of 91 lots and meets
all City requirements.
City Engineer Whisker requested a sidewalk access easement in the
area of lots 150 and 151 to accommodate children walking to
Tolleson Elementary School without having to go along General
Samuels. He noted that the sidewalk plan would follow the
existing plan, inside the loop.
In response to a question posed by Chairman Stroud, Mr. Bond
responded that the ditch crossing on the corner would be a box
culvert with a sidewalk on the top.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Herbold, Mr. Bond
stated that the lot lines center on an existing concrete channel
and would have an easement on each side.
Commissioner Keaton moved, seconded by Commissioner Knight to
approve the Preliminary Plat for Crooked Creek PH II with the
sidewalk easement location around the vicinity of lots 150 and
151 as requested by City Engineer Whisker. MOTION CARRIED.
c. SKETCH PLAT Lost Creek
No representative was available; plat was removed from the
agenda.
d. PRELIMINARY PLAT Northlake XI Subdivision
Mr. Bond related that PH XI is the next phase of Northlake
consisting of 19 lots. He stated that the plan was originally
developed in the 70’s and is being continued. He noted that the
only difference is that the lots are slightly larger than
originally proposed. He pointed out that some of the lots on
Mule Deer Drive are 80’ wide, which was the width that had
previously been proposed, adding that the remaining lots are in
the 90’ to 100’ range.
City Engineer Whisker stated that the plat as shown has not been
approved by the Sewer or Water Commissions, adding that the Fire
Marshall expressed concerns for the addition of another fire
hydrant. He then stated that he had discussed drainage concerns
with Mr. Bond, explaining that they would need to be fixed before
the plat continued.
10
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
In response to a question posed by Chairman Stroud, Mr. Bond
stated that letters were sent to the various Departments. He
stated that he does not know why it has not been addressed,
adding that he does not believe there are any issues of concern.
Chairman Stroud noted, and Mr. Bond concurred that the 35’
building setback line was mistakenly left off the plat
presentation.
Discussion ensued regarding letters of approval from the Water
and Wastewater Departments regarding the submission of a final
plat versus a preliminary plat. It was noted that this phase of
the subdivision would have a straight water line and sewer
extension from the pump station.
Mr. Bob Williams of the Wastewater Department stated that he does
not anticipate any problems with the sewer line, but added that
the Commission has not seen any sewer plans. He noted that they
were transmitted a copy of the preliminary plat without water and
sewer plans. He stated that there is a pump station that was
designed to serve the area.
Chairman Stroud stated that to his knowledge the Commission does
not customarily give away preliminary plats until there is an
acceptance for the water and sewer. He added that in this
instance there is also a concern from the Fire Marshall.
In response to a question posed by Commissioner Knight, City
Engineer Whisker stated that fire hydrant location would be an
issue to be addressed by the Water Commission and that drainage
issues were quickly concluded between himself and Mr. Bond.
Commissioner Knight moved to table the Preliminary Plat of
Northlake PH XI pending water and sewer approval. MOTION DIES
for lack of a second.
Discussion ensued and it was noted by City Attorney Bamburg that
the Water Commission and Sewer Commission would meet again prior
to the next Regularly Scheduled Planning Commission meeting.
Commissioner Evans moved, seconded by Commissioner Herbold to
approve the Preliminary Plat PH XI subject to the approval of the
Water and Sewer Commissions, the Fire Marshall and resolution of
any drainage issues. MOTION CARRIED.
e. REVISED SKETCH PLAT Hosman Property
11
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
Mr. Bond stated that the revised plat is a consensus of agreement
regarding everyone. He noted the addition of “one small tweak”,
that being the alignment. He related that City Engineer Whisker
had proposed a 400’ radius on both ends that would allow for a
30mph design speed for the road. He then noted that in talking
with the Water Commission, the proposal was to trade to the Water
Department property on the north side of the road, and Mr. Hosman
would take property on the south side of the road. He stated
that this configuration indicates there is slightly more property
on the south side than on the north. He stated that he does not
feel it will be a big issue, adding that it is a matter of
working out the equity.
City Engineer Whisker related the layout of the road that
slightly curves coming off Military Road, explaining that the
length determines the curve as it comes off Military Road headed
south regarding safety factors as traffic would approach the
intersection and see the light.
Mr. Bond noted that the trade in property would bring ownerships
to the same on each side of the road.
City Engineer Whisker stated that to his understanding, the Water
Commission is satisfied with the land trade decision.
Mr. Bond noted that the only issue is that this particular plan
shows slightly more property being taken away from the Water
Department then is being gained. He stated that he cannot speak
for the Water Department, but still does not believe it to be a
big issue from what he observed in their meeting.
City Engineer Whisker stated that the revised plan will have to
go back to the Water Commission as a preliminary plat, adding
that he does not feel the division of land to be an issue. He
related that the Water Commission was more interested that the
development would be a certain number of feet from their property
line, south of the sewer was their big concern.
Mr. Bond stated that the Water Commission wanted to maintain as
much property to the north, explaining that the plant is located
in the corner of Southeastern and Military Road.
In response to a question from Chairman Stroud, Mr. Bond agreed
that there are no drives going straight onto Loop Road. He then
noted a stub street, which might generate traffic through the
development. Options regarding the street were discussed and
consensus was to remove the street.
12
CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, ARKANSAS
REGULAR PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
APRIL 11, 2005
7:00 P.M. – 8:32 P.M.
City Engineer Whisker related that the development would still
have two accesses off Southeastern, noting that the second access
is to the bottom, near the gas line, of the development and would
fit the original plan.
In response to a question from Commissioner Traylor, regarding a
portion of the street from Military Road going south, City
Engineer Whisker stated that at this point, Mr. Hosman’s
development would have nothing to do with that. He added that
one side of the street is owned by the Water Department the other
side is owned by a family trust.
Commissioner Traylor remarked that it looks as if the streets are
converging at one point.
City Engineer Whisker agreed, saying that from the City
standpoint when the street starts and the actual S-curve of Loop
Road makes it into Southeastern, the City will need to consider
eliminating the middle section touching Military Road and having
one main artery of Southeastern into Military Road via Loop Road
S-curve.
Mr. Bond stated that if the sketch plat is approved regarding
geometry, they would return with a preliminary plat for the
development. He noted that there may be some issues that have to
be worked out regarding who will construct the street, and who
will pay for the street, because part of the street is being
built on City property. He added that it would be difficult for
him to conceive that the developer would build a new street on
City property.
Commissioner Traylor moved, seconded by Commissioner Keaton to
approve the Revised Sketch Plat of the Hosman Property. MOTION
CARRIED.
BUILDING PERMIT(S):
GENERAL:
ADJOURNMENT: Chairman Stroud without objection adjourned the
meeting at approximately 8:32 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
_________________________
Susan L. Davitt
13